Scale Modular Test Platform for the Characterization of PD Measuring Systems Using HFCT Sensors.

Today, online partial discharge (PD) measurements are common practice to assess the condition status of dielectrics in high-voltage (HV) electrical grids. However, when online PD measurements are carried out in electrical facilities, several disadvantages must be considered. Among the most important are high levels of changing electrical noise and interferences, signal phase couplings (cross-talk phenomena), and the simultaneous presence of various defects and difficulties in localizing and identifying them. In the last few decades, various PD-measuring systems have been developed to deal with these inconveniences and try to achieve the adequate supervision of electrical installations. In the state of the art, one of the main problems that electrical companies and technology developers face is the difficulty in characterizing the measuring system's functionalities in laboratory setups or in real-world facilities, where simulated or real defects must be detected. This is mainly due to the complexity and costs that the laboratory setups entail and the fact that the facilities are permanently in service. Furthermore, in the latter scenario, owners cannot assign facilities to carry out the tests, which could cause irreversible damage. Additionally, with the aforementioned installations, a comparison of results over time in various locations is not possible, and noise conditions cannot be controlled to perform the characterizations in a correct way. To deal with the problems indicated, in this article, an affordable scale modular test platform that simulates an HV installation is presented, where real on-site PD measuring conditions are simulated and controlled. In this first development, the HV installation comprises a cable system connected at both ends to a gas-insulated substation (GIS). As the most common acquisition technique in online applications is based on the placement of high-frequency current transformer (HFCT) sensors in the grounding cables of facilities, the test platform is mainly adapted to carry out measurements with this type of sensor. The designed and developed test platform was validated to assess its features and the degree of convergence with a real installation, showing the convenience of its use for the appropriate and standardized characterization of PD-measuring systems.

Metrological Qualification of PD Analysers for Insulation Diagnosis of HVDC and HVAC Grids.

On-site partial discharge (PD) measurements have turned out to be a very efficient technique for determining the insulation condition in high-voltage electrical grids (AIS, cable systems, GIS, HVDC converters, etc.); however, there is not any standardised procedure for determining the performances of PD measuring systems. In on-line and on-site PD measurements, high-frequency current transformers (HFCTs) are commonly used as sensors as they allow for monitoring over long distances in high-voltage installations. To ensure the required performances, a metrological qualification of the PD analysers by applying an evaluation procedure is necessary. A novel evaluation procedure was established to specify the quantities to be measured (electrical charge and PD repetition rate) and to describe the evaluation tests considering the measured influence parameters: noise, charge amplitude, pulse width and time interval between consecutive pulses. This procedure was applied to different types of PD analysers used for off-line measurements, sporadic on-line measurements and continuous PD monitoring. The procedure was validated in a round-robin test involving two metrological institutes (RISE from Sweden and FFII from Spain) and three universities (TUDelft from the Netherlands, TAU from Finland and UPM from Spain). With this round-robin test, the effectiveness of the proposed qualification procedure for discriminating between efficient and inappropriate PD analysers was demonstrated. Furthermore, it was shown that the PD charge quantity can be properly determined for on-line measurements and continuous monitoring by integrating the pulse signals acquired with HFCT sensors. In this case, these sensors must have a flat frequency spectrum in the range between several tens of kHz and at least two tens of MHz, where the frequency pulse content is more significant. The proposed qualification procedure can be useful for improving the future versions of the technical specification TS IEC 62478 and the standard IEC 60270.

New Synthetic Partial Discharge Calibrator for Qualification of Partial Discharge Analyzers for Insulation Diagnosis of HVDC and HVAC Grids.

A synthetic partial discharge (PD) calibrator has been developed to qualify PD analyzers used for insulation diagnosis of HVAC and HVDC grids including cable systems, AIS, GIS, GIL, power transformers, and HVDC converters. PD analyzers that use high-frequency current transformers (HFCT) can be qualified by means of the metrological and diagnosis tests arranged in this calibrator. This synthetic PD calibrator can reproduce PD pulse trains of the same sequence as actual representative defects (cavity, surface, floating potential, corona, SF6 protrusion, SF6 jumping particles, bubbles in oil, etc.) acquired in HV equipment in service or by means of measurements made in HV laboratory test cells. The diagnostic capabilities and PD measurement errors of the PD analyzers using HFCT sensors can be determined. A new time parameter, "PD Time", associated with any arbitrary PD current pulse i(t) is introduced for calibration purposes. It is defined as the equivalent width of a rectangular PD pulse with the same charge value and amplitude as the actual PD current pulse. The synthetic PD calibrator consists of a pulse generator that operates on a current loop matched to 50 Ω impedance to avoid unwanted reflections. The injected current is measured by a reference measurement system built into the PD calibrator that uses two HFCT sensors to ensure that the current signal is the same at the input and output of the calibration cage where the HFCT of the PD analyzer is being calibrated. Signal reconstruction of the HFCT output signal to achieve the input signal is achieved by applying state variable theory using the transfer impedance of the HFCT sensor in the frequency domain.

Calibration of On-Board Energy Measurement Systems Installed in Locomotives for AC Distorted Current and High Voltage Waveforms and Determination of Its Uncertainty Budget.

Periodic calibrations of Energy Measurement Systems (EMS) installed in locomotives must be carried out to demonstrate the required accuracy established in the EN 50463-2 standard according to European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/57/EC on the interoperability of rail systems within the Community. As a result of the work performed in the "MyRailS" EURAMET project an AC calibration facility was developed consisting of a fictive power source was developed. This fictive power source can generate distorted sinusoidal voltages up to 25 kV-50 Hz and 15 kV-16.7 Hz as well as distorted sinusoidal currents up to 500 A with harmonic content up to 5 kHz or phase-fired current waveform stated in EN50463-2 standard. These waveforms are representative of those that appear during periods of acceleration and breaking of the train. Reference measuring systems have been designed and built consisting of high voltage and high current transducers adapted to multimeters, which function as digital recorders to acquire synchronized voltage and current signals. An approved procedure has been developed and an in-depth uncertainty analysis has been performed to achieve a set of uncertainty formulas considering the influence parameters. Different influence parameters have been analyzed to evaluate uncertainty contributions for each quantity to be measured: rms voltage, rms current, active power, apparent power and non-active power of distorted voltage and current waveforms. The resulting calculated global expanded uncertainty for the developed Energy Measuring Function calibration set up has been better than 0.5% for distorted waveforms. This paper is focused on presenting the complete set of expressions and formulas developed for the different influence parameters, necessary for uncertainty budget calculation of an Energy Measuring Function calibration.

Laboratory Calibration of Energy Measurement Systems (EMS) under AC Distorted Waveforms.

Current standard EN 50463-2 indicates the tests and the requirements to be satisfied for an energy measurement system of a traction unit for railway applications. Some of these tests are to be done with several harmonics superposed on the rated voltage, respectively current. However, no calibration systems satisfying the standard requirements were available few years ago. The work performed in the EURAMET project "MyRailS" leads to the development of fictive power sources and reference measurement systems described in this paper. Therefore, it is possible to generate distorted 25 kV-50 Hz voltages with harmonics up to 5 kHz and 90° phase-fired currents up to 500 A with harmonics up to 5 kHz. The generated power is measured by developed traceable reference systems with accuracy better than 0.5%.

The Design and Characterization of a Prototype Wideband Voltage Sensor Based on a Resistive Divider.

The most important advantage of voltage dividers over traditional voltage transformers is that voltage dividers do not have an iron core with non-linear hysteresis characteristics. The voltage dividers have a linear behavior with respect to over-voltages and a flat frequency response larger frequency range. The weak point of a voltage divider is the influence of external high-voltage (HV) and earth parts in its vicinity. Electrical fields arising from high voltages in neighboring phases and from ground conductors and structures are one of their main sources for systematic measurement errors. This paper describes a shielding voltage divider for a 24 kV medium voltage network insulated in SF6 composed of two resistive-capacitive dividers, one integrated within the other, achieving a flat frequency response up to 10 kHz for ratio error and up to 5 kHz for phase displacement error. The metal shielding improves its immunity against electric and magnetic fields. The characterization performed on the built-in voltage sensor shows an accuracy class of 0.2 for a frequency range from 20 Hz to 5 kHz and a class of 0.5 for 1 Hz up to 20 Hz. A low temperature effect is also achieved for operation conditions of MV power grids.